A compact hybrid batch/semi-batch reverse osmosis (HBSRO) system for high-recovery, low-energy desalination

Batch reverse osmosis (RO) is a promising approach to high-recovery desalination. It has low energy consumption, but system size increases sharply with recovery because of the need for large work exchange vessel. In this study, we propose compact hybrid batch/semi-batch (HBSRO) incorporating aspects each approach. HBSRO works in three phases, i.e. semi-batch pressurisation phase, batch and finally purge-and-refill phase. We analyse ideal practical cases gain understanding about specific consumption (SEC) system. analysis, can halve vessel while incurring just 5% penalty compared RO at all recoveries. case, accounting non-idealities, lower SEC than over 0.9, smaller volume minimises phase HBSRO. The reduced not only makes more practical, also improves energy-efficiency through losses. Thus, our study highlights that highly flexible, achieving high recovery, size, – advantages are especially important minimal or zero liquid discharge applications.